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言語学のアドバンス校正サンプル
1.はじめに
形態学は、形態素（言語形式と意味の最小単位）とそれらが言葉をどのように構成しているかを研究する言語学の一分野である。単語は一般的に構文の最小単位として受け入れられているという事実にもかかわらず、ほとんどの言語は、単語は法則によって他の単語に関連していることは明らかである。これらの法則は、単語がさらに小さな単位から形成される方法と話し言葉で交流する方法について特定のパターンを生成する。このように、形態学は、語形成のパターンを研究する言語学の分野であり、その話者の知識に基づく言語の文法を構築しようとするものである。
1.1 形態素
形態素は、言語形式と意味論的意味を持つ言語の最小単位である。話し言葉ででは、形態素は音素（音/発話の最小単位）を構成するが、書き言葉では書記素（音/発話を表す最小の文字単位）が形態素を構成する。
1.2 語彙素
語彙素は、語彙的意味の抽象的な単位で、性、時制、数値、人に関連する文法情報を反映するために、語尾変化（接尾辞など）を加えることができる。例えば、give、gives、giving、givenと gaveは、単一の語彙素（つまり、一つの意味実体）を形成する。語形変化のない単語単位は語彙素と言う。また、語形変化が最小または全くない単語単位はレンマと呼ばれる。
1.3 複合語
Wikipediaの定義を借用すると、言語学では、複合語は、複数の語彙素で構成される語彙素（単語）である。複合語には次の３種類がある。1）内心複合語、ABはBのインスタンス（例えば、teaspoon）；2）外心複合語、ABはAでもBでもなく、ABに関連したC（例えば、birdbrain）；3）連結または結合複合語、ABはAとBの組み合わせ（例えば、producer-director）。
1. Introduction
Morphology is branch of linguistics that study Morphemes(the smallest units of linguistic form and meaning) and how they constitute words. Despite the fact that words are generally accepted as being the smallest units of syntax, it is clear that in most (if not all) languages words can be related to other words by rules. The rules some clear kind of patterns in the way words are fromed from smaller units and how these interact in speech? In this way, morphology is the branch of linguistics that studies patterns of word-formation, and attempts to construct grammar based on the knowledge of the speakers of those languages
1.1 Morphemes
Morpheme is the smallest linguistic unit that has linguistic form andsemantics meaning. In oral-language, phonemes (the smallest unit of sound/speech) make up morphemes; in written language, graphemes (the smallest written unit representing sound/speech) compose morphemes….
1.2 Lexemes
A lexeme is abstract unit of a word to which inflections (e.g., suffixes) can added to reflect gender-, tense-, number-, person-relevant grammatical information. For example, give, gives, giving, given, and gave form a single lexeme (that is,one meaning entity) A concept of word unit with no inflections is called a lexeme, moreover, a word unit having minimal or no inflection is called a lemma.
1.3 Compound
Using the wikipedia definition In linguistics, a compound is a lexeme (a word) that consists of more than one other lexeme. There are three types of compounds—An endocentric compounds where AB is an instance of B (e.g., teaspoon); exocentric compounds where AB is neither an A or a B but a C associated with AB (e.g., birdbrain); and copulative compounds where AB is A and B (e.g., producer-director).
1. Introduction
Morphology is the branch of linguistics that study analyzes Morphemesmorphemes (the smallest units of linguistic form and meaning) and how they constitute words. Despite the fact 1 thatAlthough words are generally accepted as being the smallest units of syntax, it is clear that in most (if not all) languages, words can beare related to other words by rules. The rules some, which result in generally clear kind of patterns in the ways words that words are fromedformed from smaller units and how these they interact in speech? . In this wayBy clarifying those rules and their resulting relationships, datetime=y is the branch of linguistics that 2 studiesreveals patterns of word-formation, and morphological linguistics attempts to construct a languages grammar based on the datetime= of the its speakers. of those languages
1.1 Morphemes
Morpheme As indicated in the introduction3 , a morpheme is the smallest linguistic unit of language that has linguistic form and semantics meaning. In spokenoral -language, morphemes comprise phonemes (the smallest unit datetime=speech), whereas make up morphemes; in written language, they are constituted by graphemes (the smallest written4 unit representing sound/speech). compose morphemes�.
1.2 Lexemes
A lexeme is an abstract unit of lexical a wordmeaning 5 to which inflections (e.g., suffixes) can be added to reflect gender-, tense-, datetime=or person-relevant grammatical information. For example, give, gives, giving, given, and gave form a single lexeme (that is,; they are all forms of the same entity one and share the same root meaning 6 entity). A concept of word unit withThe set of words with all of its no inflections is called a the lexeme7 , moreover,; however, at the root of each lexeme is a lemma, which is a word unit having with minimal or no inflection is called a lemma and constitutes the canonical or citation form of a set of words that share the same lexeme8 .
1.3 Compound
Using the wikipediaWikipedia definition, In in linguistics, a compound is a lexemeword9 (a word) that consists of more than one other lexeme. There are three types of datetime= An: 1) endocentric compounds, whereby where the compound serves the same linguistic function as one of its parts10 , such that AB is an instance of B (e.g., teaspoon); 2) exocentric compounds, where in which the compound fulfills a new function, such that AB is neither an A or a B, but rather a C associated with AB both (e.g., birdbrain); and 3) copulative or combination compounds, whereby AB is a combination of A and B (e.g., producer-director).
- Social scientists generally try to avoid using the phrase �the fact� because it is considered too absolute, i.e., too definitive.
- We rephrased the beginning of the sentence to avoid redundancy (repeating the definition of "morphology").
- This was added to acknowledge the repetition.
- This could also be stated as "symbolic".
- This is a more precise definition of "exeme".
- We rephrased this in order to make the definition clearer. "Meaning entity" was not clear. We removed the parentheses, as a semicolon can serve the same function and the information is not a side comment, but rather important to clarifying the explanation.
- This is more accurate. The lexeme represents the set of words with their inflections.
- We have added this bit of information to further define the lemma.
- This is more accurate, as the word is comprised of more than one lexeme, but a lexeme really refers to the meaning of the word.
- We have added a bit of extra information, as the context of this work indicates that its intended readers are less knowledgeable in this field, and they might require further explanation for "AB".
1. Introduction
Morphology is the branch of linguistics that analyzes morphemes (the smallest units of linguistic form and meaning) and how they constitute words. Although words are generally accepted as being the smallest units of syntax, it is clear that in most languages, words are related to other words by rules, which result in generally clear patterns in the ways that words are formed from smaller units and how they interact in speech. By clarifying those rules and their resulting relationships, morphology reveals patterns of word-formation, and morphological linguistics attempts to construct a language’s grammar based on the knowledge of its speakers.
1.1 Morphemes
As indicated in the introduction, a morpheme is the smallest unit of language that has linguistic form and semantic meaning. In spoken language, morphemes comprise phonemes (the smallest unit of sound/speech), whereas in written language, they are constituted by graphemes (the smallest written unit representing sound/speech).
1.2 Lexemes
A lexeme is an abstract unit of lexical meaning to which inflections (e.g., suffixes) can be added to reflect gender-, tense-, number-, or person-relevant grammatical information. For example, give, gives, giving, given, and gave form a single lexeme; they are all forms of the same entity and share the same root meaning. The set of words with all of its inflections is called the lexeme; however, at the root of each lexeme is a lemma, which is a word unit with minimal or no inflection and constitutes the canonical or citation form of a set of words that share the same lexeme.
1.3 Compound
Using the Wikipedia definition, in linguistics, a compound is a word that consists of more than one lexeme. There are three types of compounds: 1) endocentric compounds, whereby the compound serves the same linguistic function as one of its parts, such that AB is an instance of B (e.g., teaspoon); 2) exocentric compounds, in which the compound fulfills a new function, such that AB is neither an A or a B, but rather a C associated with both (e.g., birdbrain); and 3) copulative or combination compounds, whereby AB is a combination of A and B (e.g., producer-director).
